Measure Existing Grades
3 hoursUse a clinometer or level app to record grade at 25 ft intervals along flagged centerline.
Intermediate1-2 weeks
Trail Grade Design
Learn trail grade design from scratch with a clear step-by-step workflow, recommended tools, safety guidelines, and expert tips.
trail buildersvolunteer crew leaders
Workflow
Identify Problem Segments
2 hoursFlag sections exceeding target grade or lacking grade reversals for redesign.
Design Grade Reversals
2 hoursPlan short dips and rises to shed water off the tread every 20–50 ft on steeper terrain.
Document Grade Specifications
1 hourCreate a build sheet listing target grades, reversal locations, and bench-cut requirements.
Tools Used
Checklist
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Planning
Preparation
Safety
Execution
Quality
Documentation
Reference Materials
Grade Reversal StandardStandard
USFS Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook recommends reversals on all grades above 10%.
Out-SlopeFormula
Tread out-slope of 5% sheds water to the downhill side without forming a rut.
Clinometer ReadingsTable
Typical grade targets for sidehill bench trails.
| Segment | Target Grade | Max Pitch |
|---|---|---|
| Climbing | 8% | 12% |
| Traverse | 3–5% out | 7% |
| Descent | 6% | 10% |
Half Rule
Trail grade should not exceed half the hillside slope to reduce erosion risk.
Test After Rain
First storm reveals whether grade reversals actually shed water.
Bench Cut Safety
Never undercut unstable slopes without professional geotechnical review.
Safety Notes
- Work uphill on sidehill cuts to maintain stable footing.
- Hard hats required when swinging tools on steep slopes.